Washability And Abrasion Resistance Of Light-Emitting Knitted Electronic Textiles Using POF And Silver Plated Conductive Yarns

Abstract: For the integration of conductive yarns in electronic textiles, the structural diversity and ductility of knitted materials Wider range of wearable devices and internal product applications. In order to make conductive materials widely used, users must be able to clean these materials as part of product maintenance. Made of polymer optical fiber

(POFs) and silver coated conductive yarn woven interactive textiles can illuminate and change color through an integrated touch sensor system. Current research only focuses on the abrasion resistance and abrasion resistance of conductive yarns, rather than POF and Conductive yarn. This study is a novel method to study the abrasion resistance and abrasion resistance of POF and different ring structure composite knitted fabrics, as well as the impact on their lighting function. In the same fabric structure, No. 7 It is knitted by industrial manual fat knitting machine. This study investigated the effect of washing and abrasion on pof and The influence of silver plated conductive yarn, and the lighting function of knitted textiles. Washing and abrasion affect the electrical resistance of conductive yarns. Scratches and bent pof were observed after 20 mild cleaning cycles. However, wash Polyester has little effect on the lighting function of knitted electronic textiles tested in this study. These experiments show that electronic textiles woven with pof and conductive yarns can withstand washing and abrasion, so they should It has the potential of mass market application.

Introduction: The technical field of electronic textiles (electronic textiles) is a new sector of the textile industry. Market research predicts that the wearable technology market will grow from 116.2 million dollars in 2021 to 265.4 million dollars by 2026. The rapid demand for intelligent devices will drive the growth of the market in the next few years (market and market, 2021). Interdisciplinary research on the application of technology to manufacturing technology has brought about technological progress in smaller and more powerful electronic components that can be integrated into various wearable devices (Kumar and Vigusvaran,

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　　2 0 1 5 ) . The application of integrating electronic components into textiles to realize functions such as heating, luminescence, sensing and communication is not limited to health monitoring, rehabilitation, games, sports and military fields (Asher&Rashdan, 2021; Shi et al

2020; Zahid et al., 2021).

In the manufacturing of electronic textiles, conductive yarns are the key elements and pillars of the textiles to achieve good conductivity for wearable applications (Ismaretal., 2018). Silver plated conductive yarn has been widely used in wearable electronic textiles

, because silver is the most conductive of all metals, which is cost-effective and hypoallergenic (Atwa et al., 2015; Chui et al., 2016). These yarns have potential applications in wearable devices and indoor applications of electronic textiles

　　。 On the integration of conductive materials into textiles to achieve different functions, the versatility and plasticity of knitted materials

　　。 Knitting technology provides the elasticity and sexiness needed to develop shape panels and body conscious clothing (Chen et al., 2020).

In order to widely use electronic textiles, it is necessary to provide solutions for routine maintenance. Therefore, it is very important to study how typical laundry conditions affect their functions. Conductive materials are sensitive to washing and abrasion (Hwang et al.,

　　2 0 2 0 ) . The influence of washing and abrasion on the resistance of electronic textiles with conductive materials cannot be ignored, because the daily care of electronic textiles will affect the conductivity and function. Therefore, the research of conductive knitted electronic textiles has become the focus of attention, because it is one of the main problems that need to be overcome in product development (Hussein&Bradford, 2021

　　; Van der Velden et al.，2015)。 Understanding the concerns about hysteresis will contribute to the potential development of an interactive knitted electronic textile with integrated conductive materials in terms of mass market adoption, reliability and applicability of products (Ismar et al., 2019).

Electronic textiles with lighting functions are designed to increase interactivity by emitting light and changing color. The application of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymer optical fiber (POF) realizes illumination by weaving and coupling to the light source. By integrating conductive yarns into POF textiles, touch or proximity sensing functions are achieved, allowing control of the lighting and discoloration effects of the final product (Tan et al., 2019). Due to its color changing characteristics, POF has the potential to achieve personalized aesthetic characteristics. It can be used in a variety of applications and scenarios, not limited to fashion, interior and wearable devices (Gong Et al., 2019; Tan et al., 2021).

In this paper, the wear resistance and abrasion resistance of lighting electronic textiles woven with POF and silver plated conductive yarns are studied. Pof is integrated into fve knitting structure by inlay method in no. 7 industrial hand filling knitting machine. We use cotton blended yarn as the baseline for knitting electronic textiles, and use the baseline to weave silver plated conductors to form electronic textiles. Both POF and silver plated conductive yarns are woven in the same fabric structure.

POF is brittle, and its core is easy to break when suddenly bent. The broken core of T destroys the transmission of light and affects the lighting of textiles. In previous studies, the challenges faced by knitting POF, such as yarn slipping and lack of elasticity, were discussed

, yarn breaking and tension, and developed a feasible knitting structure to overcome the overall characteristics of POF. Chen et al. (2020) Focus on developing POF knitted textiles through manual fat

Knitting machine, without a special yarn feeding machine, enables the yarn to be unfolded from the taper thread, and a simpler instant tension adjustment system. The computerized knitting machine is equipped with a protective sleeve around the knitting bed, while the manually operated fat knitting machine exposes the knitting bed, enabling researchers to observe the close-up of textiles during the manufacturing process, allowing immediate adjustment of tension to prevent breakage.

Many studies have evaluated the resistance of conductive yarns or yarns sewn to textiles after washing or abrasion (Briedis et al., 2019; Dourado et al., 2016); Eskandarian et al., 2020; Linz

, 2011; Pakova and Weiyi, 2014; Sofronova and Angelova, 2020; Tao et al., 2017 Years; Zaman et al., 2020). However, the knitted electronic textiles using integrated POF and silver plated conductive yarn have not been fully explored at present. The abradability and wear resistance of knitted fabrics made of POF and silver conductive yarns were studied

And realize the lighting function by connecting with the light source. We will now review the literature on abrasion resistance and abrasion resistance of general conductive yarns and textiles to understand the changes in resistance after mechanical stress.

In terms of reliability and durability, the successful commercialization of electronic textile prototypes faces many challenges (Hussein and Bradford, 2021). The ability of textiles to maintain their electrical properties after washing is crucial to the development of wearable electronic textiles. Many researchers and scholars have explored the washability of silver plated conductive yarn electronic textiles.

Linz (2011) detected the conductive embroidery yarn after 20 times of washing, and its resistance increased from 1 Ω to 8.5 Ω

　　。 Tao et al. (2017) studied the resistance change of 20 fabric samples stitched with conductors after washing. The temperature resistance of sewing conductive threads gradually increases after 10 washings, and even reaches 2773 after 50 washings Ω/m。 Bridis et al. (2019) measured the resistance change after sewing on the fabric substrate. After 17 washings, the resistance increased to nearly 10 times of the initial resistance. Sofronova and Angelova (2020) measured the resistance of single silver conductive yarn and braided yarn after washing. After washing once, three times and ffe cycle, the resistance of both samples increased. The results of two studies show that the resistance of most conductive yarns increases with the increase of washing cycles. The results show that washing affects the electrical properties of the conductive yarn in the textile layer. Gaubert et al. (2020) reported that the resistance of silver plated conductive yarn increased after 30 times of washing (the ratio to the unwashed value was 19.3). Observe the removal of silver layer on nylon yarn core, Yarn damage is obvious. Eskandarian et al. (2020) explained that the resistance of silver yarn fabric samples after washing increased in the range of 100% to 300%.

Parkova and Vi (2014) studied the resistance changes of silver plated conductive yarns sewn on fabric substrates and integrated woven fabrics. In the washing test, the silver plated conductive yarn in the sewn and woven samples reached 39.3 after 5 washing cycles

-About 40.3 Ω. Rozler et al. (2020) analyzed the resistance and damage of three conductive textiles after 10 washing cycles. Impact on conductivity

The yarn after 10 times is relatively low. By evaluating the fracture observed in the X-ray microscope image after 10 washing cycles, Te results are displayed. Te fracture found in higher washing time, temperature and mechanical action settings is significantly higher than that in fine mode (nearly 6-8 times). Fine washing is recommended to reduce the friction of silver plated conductive yarn during washing. Repon, etc. (2021) tested a series of knitted fabrics using silver plated polyamide yarn, some of which went from 1.8 Ω to 4.5 Ω after five washing cycles.

Durado et al. (2016) evaluated the resistance change of silver plated conductive yarn embroidered on the fabric substrate after 20 times of washing and 80000 times of friction. After 9 times of washing, Te resistance increases rapidly (from about 20 Ω increased to 90 Ω)。 The author suspects that the silver coating was lost during the washing process. After 40000 wear cycles, it was found that the resistance on the sample increased significantly (more than 2.5-3 times). Zaman et al. (2020) studied in detail the cleaning damage of conductive fabrics made of silver plated conductive yarns embroidered on the fabric substrate after 50 times of cleaning and the damage caused by Martindale wear. Te surface resistance increases to 1. Two proportions after 50 times of cleaning. After 10000 times of friction, the resistance change ratio of the wear test sample increased to 2.

Ahmed et al. (2021) tested the resistance of silver plated carrier (SCV) conductive yarn after 25 times of washing The gauge length increases from 0.84 Ω to 1.9 Ω. In addition, Simgno et al. (2021) studied the resistance change of Vectran electronic yarn integrated with SCV and surface mounted electronic equipment after washing and abrasion. After 25 washing cycles, the resistance of scv conductive yarn and electronic yarn reaches 0.13 72.16 Ω of m length. After 800 mechanical wear cycles, the resistance of SCV conductive yarn and electronic yarn increased by 114.6% and 240.9% respectively.

In the application of silver conductive yarn in textiles, the chemical and mechanical effects on materials are crucial to the development of electronic textiles. Zaman et al. (2019) studied the effect of washing and abrasion on silver plated conductive yarn of stitched synthetic textile layer

　　。 The resistance changes linearly after 10 times of washing and 3000 times of abrasion. The resistance increases with the increase of washing cycles and wear cycles.

A large number of studies on the washability of conductive yarns have shown that washing will affect the resistivity. The resistance increases with the increase of washing cycle and wear times. The current research mainly focuses on the abradability and abrasion resistance of conductive yarns or wires on textiles. The research on the damage of washing and abrasion of silver conductive yarn and POF knitted fabric structure to the resistance and luminous function is limited. The difference of the study is that it takes into account the textile with conductive yarn and POF integrated into the same knitting structure. At present, there is still a lack of research on the washing, abrasion and lighting effects of POF knitted fabrics with integrated conductive yarns. Knit textiles with POFs and silver conductive yarn, and use No. 7 industrial manual fat knitting machine. The influence of different knitting structures on spinning powder and silver plated conductive yarn, and the lighting effect of knitted fabrics after washing were studied.

Figure 1 shows the photo of No. 7 manual fat knitting machine; B Yarn and POF for knitting electronic textiles: base yarn; Silver plated conductive yarn; Polymerization of optical fbre (POF) with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)

Table 1 Specification of materials used for knitting electronic textiles

Material yarn count composition resistance

Silver plated conductive yarn 200 D18% silver 82% nylon<5

　　Ω/cm

Base yarn (Di. Ve

S. P.A.. 25 Nm 95% cotton 5% polyester –

Super Etnico)

　　POF (Eska ™). 250 mm Puma –

Note: POF polymer optical fiber, PMMA polymethyl methacrylate

method

Material Science

The five knitting structures were developed on a No. 7 manually operated Feifei knitting machine (Wal Mart, Hong Kong, China). 1a) Conduct the experiment. The specifications of materials used in knitted electronic textiles are shown in Table 1, and the photos are shown in the figure. 1b. In this study, 5.2Nm 95% cotton and 5% polyester yarn are used as the base yarn, which are woven together with 200D silver plated conductive yarn (18% silver and 82% nylon)

　　。 The resistance of untreated silver plated conductive yarn is<5 Ω/cm. 0 . 2 5mm E s k a ™ PMMA is selected for all knitted textiles POF to achieve lighting effect.

Design of double-layer knitting structure

This research has developed five kinds of double knitted textiles, including double knitted, half cardigan, full cardigan, half Milan and all Milan. Four 0.25 mm Eska ™ In the knitting process, pof shall be inlaid manually for every two courses.

Figure 2 shows the knitting symbol of the fve double knitting structure, indicating the position where the pof is embedded. Four different symbols represent different types of needles of fve: cross means technical knitting needle, white circle and black outline mean technical knitting needle, black circle means crease sewing, an empty box means missing needle and left arrow means gift of inlaying port

　　。 Te corresponding circuit

Fig. 2 The needle and thread symbols and illustrations of the fve double knitting structure, inlaid with polymer optical fiber (POF): double flat, half cardigan, half Milan; And complete Milan

The baseline formed and inlaid, in which gray represents the base yarn, red represents the silver plated conductive yarn, and green represents the baseline. Figure 3 shows a "waste part", which is added to the edge of the knitting structure body to connect the light source to the textile

Lighting effect on products (Chen et al al.，2020)。 In figs. 3a, the waste part includes some POF ponies and is added to the right side of the structure for POF binding and light emitting diode (LED) coupling (Fig. 3b) Added to the 6-pin scrap part of the 35 pin body. When the textile is cast, the waste part is cut and ready to be bound with POF.

Table 2 shows the specifications of fve double knitted textiles developed for this research, including double flat (DP) and half split wool (HC

）, full open wool (FC), half Milan (HM) and full open wool (FM). Fve per inch (WP 1) The CPI of layer/is 7.77/11.33, 5.74/8.38, 6.5/9.55, 8.74/8.59 and 8.89/15.29 respectively.

The Te densities of fve knitted textiles are 88.05, 48.12, 62.1, 75.01 and 135.94 respectively.

Clean and dry

In order to further develop the proposed knitted electronic textile products, the goal is to maintain the function and performance of the products after receiving the customers' normal household money laundering washing methods. As per AATCC TM135-2018. Whirlpool 3LWTW4815FW top loader is used for this washing test. A fine cycle (27 ± 3 ° C), a mild washing and spinning movement was carried out during the whole washing process. The mixing speed is 27 strokes/minute

The figure shows the "waste part", that is, a part of the polymeric optical fetus (POF) of the knitting textile body, and b the POF beam (LED coupling) connected to the light source

Table 2 Description of double knitting samples

Specification for knitted textiles dphcfchm frequency modulation

Knitted double-layer plain half sweater full cardigan half Milan

Weight (g/cm2) 7.2749.18.210.5

Thickness (mm) 3.04.55.13.23.6

　　WPI7.85.76.58.78.9

　　CPI11.38.49.68.615.3

Density 88.148.162.175.0135.9

DP, double plain (DP); HC, half cardigan; FC, full cardigan; HM, half Milan; FM, all Milan; WPI, Wales per inch; CPI, per inch of court

　　; Density, Wales per inch x court per inch

Fnal speed is 500 rpm。 Tree specimens of each knitted textile were prepared. The washing samples are placed in separate washing bags to strengthen the protection of the body of textiles and POF bundles and reduce the friction caused by the contact between each sample and the washing ballast. Its total load weight is 1.8 ± 0.1 kg, including electronic textile specimen, laundry bag and washing ballast type 3. Add 66 ± 1 g AATCC 1993 standard reference detergent according to the instructions of the washing machine. The whole washing process is about 40 Complete within minutes. After each washing cycle, all washed samples shall be kept in the controlled temperature and relative humidity environment

(20 ± 2 ° C and 65 ± 5%), dry the fat on the horizontal sieve plate for at least 24 hours.

measurement result

Measure the initial resistance before washing after 24 hours of treatment. Use UNI-T digital multimeter UT890C+to clean 1 to 10 times

After 15 and 20 times, the resistance per inch on all woven fabrics was also measured.

The washed samples were observed by optical microscope (Leica DFC290HD) and scanning electron microscope (Hitachi desktop microscope TM3000), and the conditions of silver coated conductive yarn and POFs were studied.

The illumination effect was compared by observing the pictures of specimens that were not cleaned and those that were cleaned for 20 cycles. The sample is connected to an LED light source throughout the capture process. Adjust the camera settings according to the level of visible lighting defects that appear on the camera screen. Te images are taken with the camera set to 1/10 second., f/ 1.8，ISO 200。

According to ASTM standard D4966-12, the Martindale wear test was conducted with the Martindale wear tester. A round specimen with a diameter of 38mm is extracted from each knitted fabric for testing. A separate set of standard frosted fabrics (pure woven worsted wool fabrics) was prepared for each specimen. As shown in the standard, add the maximum weight of 9 KPa, apply pressure to each specimen.

Use UNI-T digital multimeter UT890C+to conduct 0, 1000, 5000, 10000, 15000, 20000 and 30000 cycles of wear on the sample, and then measure the resistance.

The washed samples were observed by digital microscope (Leica DFC290HD) and scanning electron microscope (Hitachi desktop microscope TM3000) to study the conditions of silver plated conductive yarn and POFs.

statistic

At 95% confidence limit (significance level α = 0.05); SPSS was used to calculate the resistance of different knitted fabrics and after abrasion.

Results and discussion

Influence of washing on knitted fabrics

Change in resistance

Table 3 records the temperature resistance values of different knitted fabrics measured in the latitude direction before and after 1 to 10, 15 and 20 washing cycles. The results of Te variance analysis are listed in Table 4.

In figs. 4a. After 20 washing cycles, the resistance value of double plain in the weft direction of all knitted fabrics is the highest

　　(19.75Ω/inn)。 Half cardigan has the second highest resistance value (11.62 Ω/inc). The Te resistance of half Milan increases from the initial value (2.99 Ω/in) to 10.02 Ω/in. Among the different knitted textiles of fve, the resistance value of all milan textiles after 20 washings is the lowest (7.11 Ω/inch).

Figure 4b shows the ratio of the relative change of resistance in the latitude direction (the percentage change of resistance from the initial (unwashed) value) of fve knitted textiles after 5, 10, 15 and 20 washing cycles. The resistance evolution of all fve knitted fabrics shows a linear trend. After 20 times of washing, the resistance value change rate of half Milan is the highest, reaching more than 235% from the initial value. whole

Table 3 Latitude resistance of fve knitted textiles before and after 1~10, 15 and 20 washing cycles (unit: Ω)

Resistance (Ω/inch)

Knitted textile cleaning cycle

Average standard deviation of double-layer plain

Average standard deviation of half cardigan

Average standard deviation of full cardigan

Half Milan

Average standard deviation

All Milan

Average standard deviation

　　08.930.275.700.374.220.322.990.072.750.08

　　17.990.316.280.274.970.133.760.103.070.07

　　29.050.116.460.134.740.394.480.103.220.14

　　310.120.207.320.205.850.274.270.223.380.11

　　411.590.577.250.385.510.234.920.193.930.27

　　512.960.347.100.305.290.264.990.183.920.20

　　612.890.096.820.255.720.144.910.164.060.22

　　713.510.267.320.266.100.244.960.163.860.10

　　813.301.377.700.335.890.205.320.124.740.21

　　914.481.187.730.436.020.235.990.175.620.33

　　1014.840.977.920.376.040.296.530.425.430.29

　　1515.791.5610.280.397.640.257.380.508.150.20

　　2019.753.6211.620.449.260.2210.020.437.110.32

Table 4 One way variance analysis of different knitted textiles and washing products

Variance source square sum df mean square Fp ‑ valu e

Properties of different knitted textiles after washing 2673.41912222.78511.71<

　　60.0001

Double flat resistance after washing 1257.34012104.77866.977<

　　0.0001

Washable semi cardigan 312.2411226.020240.812<

　　0.0001

Washed anti full cardigan 199.6001216.633261.678<

　　0.0001

Half Milan resistance after washing 383.4151231.951487.647<

　　0.0001

Complete resistance to Milan after washing 315.3411226.278571.694<

　　0.0001

Figure 4a Latitude resistance value (unit: Ω), the relative change (%) of resistance after b5, 10, 15, 20 washing cycles and the linear regression of latitude direction. Note: DP, double flush mounting; HC, half cardigan; FC, full cardigan; HM, half Milan; FM, all Milan

The change rate of Milan textiles has a similar trend, rising by nearly 100% after 10 washing cycles. After 20 washing cycles, the resistance value rises to about 196%, and then drops to 158.55%.

The half cardigan sweater showed a steady upward trend from 1 to 10 washing cycles, and its initial resistance value doubled (103.86%) after 20 washing cycles. The resistance value rises to 38.95% after 10 washing cycles and 80.35% after 15 washing cycles. The change ratio of full cardigan textiles is similar to that of half cardigan textiles. It increased from 43.13% after the 10th cycle to 81.04% after the 15th cycle. The change rate of Te after 20 washings was 119.43%.

Although the resistance value after double plain washing is the highest, the change rate after 20 times of washing is equivalent to that of half wool and full cardigan sweaters. Te change ratio increased to 66.18% at washing cycle 10 and 121.16% at washing cycle 20.

The change ratio of resistance value of half Milan sample and full Milan sample before and after washing is relatively high, which can be explained by the reduction of latitude size. We suspect that the shrinkage rate of half (- 4.76%) and all Milan (- 5.41%) textiles is higher than that of double ordinary (- 3.79%), half (2.52%) and all wool sweaters (- 1.8%).

According to existing research, we believe that the resistance value of conductive yarn will increase with the increase of washing cycle (Briedis et al., 2019; Escandarian et al., 2020; Sovoronova and Angelova, 2020 Years; uz Zaman et al., 2019). Although the resistance values of most knitted fabrics in this study show a linear trend with the increase of the number of washing cycles. The resistance change ratio of fve knitted electronic textiles after 20 washes is about 100%~235%. These results can be explained by the changes of WPI and resistance of knitted fabrics with the number of inner rings. After 20 washing cycles, the relative change of the resistance of knitted fabrics with Milan structure will increase more. In Fig. 4a，b， It was noted that the resistance value of Milan decreased after 20 washes. It can be doubted that there are two main reasons for the results: the electrical measurement of Milan is relatively vague, because its structure is tighter than others. All Milan shrinkage increases the density of stitching in the fabric

　　。 The characteristics of accurate measurement of conductive yarn with digital multimeter in silver plated compact structure are improved.

Figure 5 shows the image of knitted textiles observed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope and the damage to conductive yarns before and after washing. Figures 5a-e are the images captured before cleaning. Images were captured after 20 cleanings to determine the damage caused by subtle cleaning cycles (Fig. 5 f – j ) . The light gray area is silver coating, and the dark gray area is scratch（ After wear). Looking at these images, we can see that after 20 washing cycles, there are some scratched areas on the silver coating of the conductive yarn. All knitted textiles have coating peeling, and the coating of double flat, half and all Milan textiles is clearer. five f – j) . It is speculated that the change rate of resistance is high. 4b) Due to the coating peeling observed in the figure. 5i, j.

Compared with half cardigan without washing, the surface of conductive yarn is not damaged much. 5g). In figs. After 5h

A large number of scratches were observed on the coating of a layer of conductive yarn in the full cardigan sample. The uncleaned silver yarn was observed under a microscope, and a small amount of surface wear was caused by mechanical wear during knitting. Further degradation of silver

Fig. 5 Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope images of knitted textiles: double flat before washing, half cardigan before washing, full cardigan before washing, half Milan before washing, half cardigan after washing 20 times, half cardigan after washing 20 times, half Milan after washing 20 times; After 20 times of washing, it will be all over Milan

Observe the yarn after washing. Due to the mechanical movement in the washing process, the surface area of the silver coating separated from the surface increases with the number of washing cycles.

Observation of POF line and lighting effect after washing

Figure 6 shows the damage to POF before and after washing under the optical microscope. Observe the sample body under the optical microscope POF of. Take Te images after each ffe cleaning to observe the damage caused by the fine cleaning cycle. It can be seen that the appearance of POF changes little after fve washing. 6a, b). Bent pof is found in some knitted textiles, as shown in the figure. 6 c . After washing cycle 10, there are some cracks in POF strands in each textile (Fig. 6d) Figure 6e shows a bent POF chain with two cracks around the bent area. In order to show the effect of the crack on the light channel, the optical microscope image is captured by connecting the green LED light. The passing of special light ends at the first crack, which may cause light leakage on the surface. After 20 times of washing, a broken POF chain was found in one of the knitted fabrics. 6f).

Figure 7 shows the damage of POF before and after cleaning, as shown in the figure. 8 a . Cut Te from fabric sample POF was observed by scanning electron microscope. Te images were taken after each ffe washing to observe the damage of POF caused by fine washing cycle. After 5 and 10 times of cleaning, there are some shallow scratches on the surface of POF. 7 b , c ) .

Figure 6 POF optical microscopic image before and after washing: original b after 5 times of washing; After washing for 10 times c and d after washing for 15 times e, after washing for 20 times f

Fig. 7 SEM image of POF before and after washing: a before washing, b 5 times, c 10 times, c 15 times, d 20 times, e

After 15 cleaning cycles, a deeper scratch area was found on the POF chain, as shown in the figure. 7 d . After 20 washing cycles, a large number of deep scratches were found on the surface of the POF chain.

The washing result of fve textile lighting effect was photographed with a camera. The figure shows the lighting comparison of all fve type textiles before and after washing. 8 . Figure 8a-e shows the image of knitted fabric

Figure 8. Lighting effect of textiles before washing: double plain half cardigan half Milan full cardigan washed 20 times, half cardigan half Milan and full Milan

Textiles taken before washing; Fig. 8f-j is the image captured after 20 cleaning cycles. Capture Te image by connecting light source and observe the lighting effect after washing. Some bright spots can be seen on the textile, indicating that the pof is broken in some areas. Light stripes were observed on the sample surface. The results show that the effect of washing on the visibility of light is the smallest. The double plain, half and full cardigan structure shows better lighting effect than the half and full Milan structure. The more open stitching shows a larger area of the pof, which means better lighting for knitted electronic textiles.

Te images captured by optical microscope and camera provide evidence that washing can destroy the POF chain. In the optical microscope image of pof, bending points and cracks caused by 20 washing cycles can be seen. When the sample is connected to the light source, these damaged points will cause light leakage, resulting in bright spots or light stripes. It was observed by scanning electron microscope that there were scratches in each washing cycle, which was more serious when the washing cycle increased. However, washing has little effect on the lighting function and visibility of textiles. Although the rate of change is

Table 5 Resistance value of fve knitted fabric before and after 1000, 5000, 10000, 15000, 20000, 20000 and 30000 times of friction (unit: Ω)

Resistance (Ω/inch)

Knitted textile code Double deck plain half cardigan Full cardigan Half Milan

Rabu mean standard deviation mean standard deviation mean standard deviation mean standard deviation mean standard deviation

　　08.060.865.220.735.101.073.820.633.570.93

　　10007.020.845.601.135.800.244.980.873.750.63

　　50008.720.966.311.745.940.944.900.993.610.52

　　10,00011.851.636.551.706.421.885.400.774.280.75

　　15,00014.922.068.361.816.712.155.311.233.950.64

　　20,00015.372.525.821.605.170.914.710.754.130.55

　　30,00016.282.906.021.135.911.185.661.054.940.84

Table 6 one-way variance analysis of different knitted textiles and wear conditions

Variance source square sum df mean square F p ‑ valu e

Wear resistance of different knitted textiles 515.595685.9337.803<

　　0.001

Double flat resistance after wear 1198.7626199.79460.722<

　　0.001

Worn cardigan 76.868612.8116.354<0.001

Worn cardigan 30.85365.1422.914 0.012

Half Milan resistance after wear 32.65565.4426.459<

　　0.001

Complete Milan resistance after abrasion 3.13360.5226.784<

　　0.001

The resistance of all fve knitted textiles increases with the increase of washing cycle, and the lighting effect of knitted electronic textiles is not affected by washing.

Influence of abrasion on knitted fabrics

Change in resistance

The resistance was measured and analyzed to evaluate the wear effect of the knitted fabrics tested in this study. Table 5 records Te in latitude direction of different samples before and after 1000, 5000, 10000, 15000, 20000, 00 and 30000 times of friction and wear Resistance value. The results of Te variance analysis are listed in Table 6.

As shown in the figure. 9a, after 30000 times of friction, the resistance value of double ordinary textiles in the latitude direction of all knitted textiles is the highest (16.28 Ω/inc) (Table 5). The resistance value of semi wool sweater in latitude direction after 30000 times of friction is 6.02 Ω/in. For the full cardigan sample, the wear resistance after 30000 times of friction is 5.91 Ω/inch

　　。 The resistance value of half Milan textiles is 5.66 Ω/in. Among different knitted textiles, all Milan textiles had the lowest resistance value (4.94 Ω/inch) after 30000 times of friction.

Figure 9b shows the ratio of the relative change of resistance in latitude direction (the percentage change of resistance in the initial non worn value) of fve knitted textiles after 1000, 5000, 10000, 15000, 20, 20000 and 30000 friction wear. The resistance evolution of all fve showed a linear trend. Te change ratio of resistance for

Figure 9 Resistance value (unit: Ω) and the direction of linear regression

10000, 15000, 20000 and 30000 friction. Note: DP, double plain; HC, half cardigan; FC, full cardigan; HM, half Milan; And FM, all Milan

Changes of knitted electronic textiles after wear. The relative change value Te ratio of semi wool sweater after 30000 times of rubbing is 15.18% respectively And 15.83%. Half Milan is the second highest part of knitted textiles. After 30000 times of friction, the relative change of resistance increases to 48.23%. The change of relative resistance of Milan after wear has a similar change, rising to 38.53% after 30000 times of friction. The change ratio of resistance value is the highest after 30000 friction times of double flat grinding, which is more than 100% compared with the initial value. After 10000 times of abrasion, the resistance value rises to 47.08%.

The increase of resistance after abrasion may be caused by the breakage of conductive yarn and the friction off of coating. As a result of wear, the silver coating on the conductive yarn is significantly removed, resulting in an increase in the resistance of all knitted textiles. After 2 0 0 After 0 0 times of friction and wear, half of Milan (- 11.37%) and two kinds of cardigan (-

　　3 0 . 4 1% and full cardigan - 2 2 96%) of knitted textiles have a drop point. 9b). People suspect

There are few reasons for the decline of drug resistance. After the conductive yarn is worn, the structure becomes loose, leading to the increase of contact points in the structure. According to the microscopic observation of conductive yarns in textiles, the effect of silver coating falling off from the surface after abrasion is very serious. 1 0 ) . The second reason for the decrease is the measurement deviation after the wear test. As the conductive yarn is loose, it is relatively hidden to observe and select the correct measuring point. These people explained that the electrical resistance and function of electronic textiles may be affected by wear, We conclude that woolen sweater textiles are more feasible and have the potential to develop interactive textiles that can withstand surface wear.

Figure 10. Optical microscope images of knitted fabrics before and after 20000 times of abrasion: half cardigan; B Full cardigan

　　; And c half Milan

　 conclusion

Five kinds of lighting interactive POF knitted textiles - double ordinary, half and full cardigan, half and all Milan—— It is developed by using industrial manual fat knitting machine. This paper studies how washing and abrasion affect the illumination and conductivity of interactive POF knitted textiles. With the increase of washing cycle, the temperature resistance of all fve samples increased. As the ring density of half and all Milan textiles increases (the latitude size decreases), the change rate of resistance value after washing is relatively high

　　。 Microscopic observation showed that the damage to POF caused by washing injected the lighting effect of POF knitted textiles. After ffe washing

Scratches were found on the surface of POF, which became more serious with the increase of washing cycle. After 20 cleaning cycles, bending points and cracks appeared on the fbres on the POF surface. However, the visibility of textiles after washing is minimal. We found that wear has different effects on the resistance changes of all knitted fabrics. With the increase of wear cycle, the corrosion resistance of double ordinary fabric is significantly improved. Under the microscope, the silver coating of conductive yarn is removed due to wear, resulting in an increase in the resistance of all knitted textiles.

The research concluded that among all knitted electronic textiles using POF and silver plated conductive yarn, the change of resistance value after washing and wear has the smallest impact on the structure of sweaters (half and all), and the visibility of lighting defects remains unchanged. The openness of stitching also provides better visibility for POF lighting. The electrical resistance of knitted electronic textiles is one of the main properties that determine their application. However, in the electronic textiles integrated with POF in the same fabric, the lighting effect after washing and abrasion is also the key to further development. The authors suggest using this future

The feasibility of knitting pof and conductive yarn on computer knitting machine was studied. Research shows that knitted textiles are feasible in daily life, and are more likely to be widely used and easy to maintain for fashion and internal applications. After cleaning, the lighting function of POF is sustainable. Future research on the use of computerized knitting machines will help POF The large-scale production of integrated knitting electronic textiles makes it possible to apply more widely.

abbreviation

Electronic textiles Electronic textiles LED

PMMA polymethyl methacrylate POF polymer optical fiber

thank

The author would like to thank Le Baron International Co., Ltd. for its generous support and material support for this research.

Author's contribution

NYKL prepared the draft and explanation of the idea and design of work, experiment and data analysis, as well as its main contribution to writing. JT led research includes Concepts, methods and major contributions to writing. AT contributes to this concept and approach. KCJC has contributed to both textile weaving and the preliminary part of the experiment. All the authors read and approved fnal's manuscript.

Author Information

NYKL: Researcher (doctor) in the artificial intelligence laboratory under design. JT: Chief Operating Officer and Assistant Center Director of Design Art Intelligence Laboratory

(Doctor); Associate Professor, School of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University. AT: Head of Smart Textile Project (MA) of Royal College of Arts The. KCJC: Research Assistant (BA) of the artificial intelligence laboratory under design.

Funding: This research is funded by the Design Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RP3-5) of the Hong Kong Research Center printed by the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed in this study are included in the published articles of this paper.

Statement: Competitive Interests

The author declares that they have no competing interests. Date of receipt: August 5, 2022

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